Blockchain is based on a decentralization P2P architecture, where all the nodes are equal and no control center exists. WebData intelligence. At the same time, because the trust value is provided by the TAB, leaving the large-scale calculation or evaluation of trust on the TBB side, this can effectively reduce latency, and finally the application of blockchain can be realized in more real-time and high-reliability scenarios. and they focused on different performance aspects of related systems, such as privacy, efficiency, latency, throughput, energy consumption, etc., showing that different authors pay attention to different research and optimization points. Think of this as an agreed upon login standard to show who or what someone or something is. It discussed the possibility of blockchain technology in building a decentralized trust model, and analyzed robustness of blockchain-enhanced TM systems when faced with different kinds of attacks. Table10 shows the summary of the comparisons. There are still many details for companies to understand and work out. The two technologies are built on the same concepts and provide similar benefits. There are a few workarounds to the blockchain data storage conundrum. However, the interactions of BPay is quite complicated, which may affect its timeliness when used in the complex cloud outsourcing applications. The summary of the comparison between the related works in the blockchain-based basic trust framework is given in Tables 1, 2, and 3. Sharing excess storage with a blockchain-based service is a new concept, and understanding its full effect on an organization's storage resources is still unclear. Data is available upon request to the corresponding author. If youve ever dreamed of living and studying abroad or hosting a student, dont let anything stand in your way. The concept of trust originated from sociology, and gradually extended its boundaries to areas of management, economics, and computer science. In the proposed framework, metadata of the files are stored on the blockchain whereas the actual files are stored off-chain through DHT at multiple locations using a peer-to-peer network of PingER Monitoring Agents. However, it just used the theoretical methods for demonstration, which is difficult to prove its efficiency in the real transactions. In the digital age, it is much harder to cut yourself off the non-stop information stream than getting the information you need. However, it was not a fully decentralized model since TA was still required for registration, and the computation and consensus overhead is huge. Want to discover the world? A blockchain-based self-sovereign identity (SSI) network in conjunction with W3C verifiable credentials would provide an open, governable, system-independent means of issuing, holding, presenting, and verifying trusted security labels for any entity at scale person or non Data is added over time in structures called blocks. Blockchain-based decentralized storage networks let users rent out their unused disk space to those others who need extra storage space. On the other hand, blockchain is suitable for the behavioral trust management, but not good at the identity trust management. These new studies have proved the overwhelming advantage of blockchain-based schemes. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2015, p 170656, Meng X, Ma J, Lu D, Wang Y (2014) Trust and behavioral modeling based two layer service selection. IEEE Commun Survey Tutorials 21(2):16761717, Liu Y, Yu F, Li X, Ji H, Leung VM (2020) Blockchain and machine learning for Communications and networking systems. D. Medhane, et al. However, the paper only conducts a prototype system and verifies the efficiency of the model by simulation experiments. ACM Transact Int Technol 21(1):123. Cluster Comput 17(1):10131030, Li X, He J, Du Y (2015) Trust based service optimization selection for cloud computing. AbdAllah et al. in Proceedings of IEEE Computer Software & Applications Conference. Unfortunately, the problem with this approach is that it is vulnerable to attack. Blockchain relies on distributed ledger technology (DLT). In blockchain storage, files are first broken apart in a process called sharding. From the perspective of areas of interest, the researchers from China focus on blockchain-based basic trust frameworks, and blockchain-based cloud service applications (including cloud storage and IoT applications), the US is more concerned with trusted data provenance and data storage applications, and researchers from Singapore pay attention to blockchain-based cloud resource allocation schemes. it proposed to use a blockchain-based data structure to store distributed authentication and trust information, and it introduced a human-like knowledge-based trust model. Another issue is to improve the adaptability of blockchain-based trust management, realizing dynamic access control. it designed a decentralized IoT data management, storage, and privacy protection framework, and proposed an IoT & edge hybrid computing architecture to improve the computing power of IoT devices. However, a large amount of evidence shows that cloud computing is facing with serious security and trust crisis, and building a trust-enabled transaction environment has become its key factor. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. [30] focuses on the distributed consensus protocol in blockchain. Therefore, its necessary for blockchain-based trust framework to consider how to adapt to different application scenarios of cloud, and propose customized and flexible trust authentication architecture. Privacy is another major issue which needs to be addressed. The authors of the paper believed that an excellent trust model must incorporate the features of decentralization, tamper-proofing, consistency, timeliness, and availability, and they proved that blockchain technology was able to achieve these goals. In order to protect the life cycle security of IoT data, H. Shafagh et al. A complete trust authentication system includes identity authentication and behavior evaluation. Through virtualization and resource integration, cloud computing has expanded its service area and offers a better user experience than the traditional platforms, along with its business operation model bringing huge economic and social benefits. The details of the service interaction are shown in Fig. However, the implementation details of the new framework still need to be solved. The MaidSafe network can also be used to build blockchain decentralized applications (dapps). Figure1 shows the shows the research scope of trust. IEEE 2017:115, Bendiab K, Kolokotronis N, Shiaeles S et al (2018) WiP: a novel Blockchain-based trust model for cloud identity management. There are rules about how data can be added, and once the data has been stored, it's virtually impossible to modify or delete it. Jian Cao is currently a Professor with the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China, and the Deputy Head of the Department. Cloud computing is a kind of business mode that provides IT services, thus service transactions are its kernel affairs. For example, Li et al. Based on the Distributed File System (DFS), the blockchain network can reduce the local storage to solve the blockchain bloat problem. and it used the smart contracts to speed up the implementation and execution of software, and once malicious behavior is found, it could take action immediately. Beijing. These 35 blockchain-based trust management approaches are the research results of the last 3 years, showing that the blockchain-based scheme is very new and represents the latest trend in building decentralized and distributed trust. Its unique features in operating rules and traceability of records ensure the integrity, undeniability and security of the transaction data. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2017.11.011, Zhang Y, Xu C, Cheng N, Li H, Yang H, Shen X (2019) Chronos+: an accurate Blockchain-based time-stamping scheme for cloud storage. [69] proposed a blockchain-based reputation system. California Privacy Statement, This is one of the earliest documents that convert the problem of trust management into economics. Privacy J Cloud Comp 10, 35 (2021). In this Alpha version you can only connect with Back4App private Ethereum Network. WebThe storage problem of the blockchain has been approached in different ways by works that propose solutions for mitigating it. Cookie Preferences Blockchain technology has come a long way since its first inception as a Bitcoin payments ledger. DC-RSF also contains a blockchain module, which is able to prevent trust data from being maliciously tampered with. D degree in 2012 from Zhejiang University, Hangzhou China, in computer science. For example, EigenTrust [40] and PeerTrust [41] are the well-known distributed trust models. Based on blockchain framework and graph theory, they proposed an abstract authentication model and explored how blockchain could help participants mitigate attacks against them. The blockchain-based transactions were also designed, including user renting cloud storage or renting their own free space. This section explains how we selected the surveyed papers. D degree in 2011 from Zhejiang University, Hangzhou China, in computer science. The main contributions of the work are: it considered the life cycle security of IoT data, and it set up a grading policy to secure data management system, including three different levels. distance was treated as the weight in evaluating the reputation and the credibility of messages, and the reputation of the RSUs is used to select suitable miners, ensuring the credibility of the data block. Due to the resource restriction in IoT systems, peer authentication and trust management are not well implemented. J Cloud Comput Adv Syst Applications 2(9):114, Noor T, Sheng Q, Zeadally S, Yu J (2013) Trust management of services in cloud environments: obstacles and solutions. In order to improve the security and effectiveness of data sharing, the fairness of data distribution, and protect the profits of data owner in a multi-cloud environment, Paper [91] proposed a novel architecture based on blockchain technology, as shown in Fig. In: IEEE conference on computer Communications workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS), Paris, France, pp 16, Yang C, Tan L, Shi N et al (2020) AuthPrivacyChain: a Blockchain-based access control framework with privacy protection in cloud. During the transactions, customers and providers first negotiated the implementation details of SLA (including service duration, service fees, service compensation and witnesses to be co-employed, etc), and then randomly selected a certain number of witnesses through the execution of the witness pool smart contract. There's a lot of hype around blockchain storage and its underlying distributed ledger technology. Data storage is an important type of cloud services. In view of the data application security, privacy leakage and trust crisis, as well as the performance bottleneck and single point of failure in the centralized data management center, researchers have proposed many distributed and blockchain-based schemes. ACM SIGMIS Database 47 2(2016):5896, Matin C, Navimipour J, Jafari N (2018) Cloud computing and trust evaluation: a systematic literature review of the state-of-the-art mechanisms. [23, 24] analyzed the state-of-the-art trust evaluation methods in cloud computing systems. Operations fill the DLT in chronological order and are stored in the ledger as a series of blocks. Blockchain is an effective way to construct a distributed and decentralized trust framework. Terms and Conditions, The focus of the paper was to analyze and implement data credibility. it skipped the demonstration on the theoretical basis of the new calculation model, with no details were given on how to use the natural language interpretation method for user feedback analysis. Lack prototype and platform. In proceedings of the 2010 international symposium on intelligence information processing and trusted computing. Cloud-edge-end hybrid trust management framework. In addition, double-chain mutual supervision provides a higher level of security and data traceability. In: In proceedings of 9th international conference on information and communication systems (ICICS), IEEE 2018, pp 175180, Huang J, Nicol D (2013) Trust mechanisms for cloud computing. Data storage is an important type of cloud services. [48] proposed a novel encryption protocol named LEVEL. All authors take part in the discussion of the work described in this paper. She is currently an associate professor in Hangzhou Normal University, she worked as a post-doctor in Shanghai Tiao Tong University from Oct. 2015 to Mar. In: Proceedings of 2020 IEEE 17th Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC), IEEE doi:arXiv:1909.01851, Kaynak B, Kaynak S, Uygun (2020) Cloud manufacturing architecture based on public Blockchain Technology. From the perspective of country distribution, 18 came from China, 5 from the United States, 4 from Singapore, and the rest came from 8 different countries (Australia, Germany, India, Argentina, Netherlands, Algeria, Switzerland and France), indicating that the scheme has been widely recognized by different research institutions of the world. Based on blockchain technology, BPay realized the strong fairness and compatibility by a special verification protocol and a top-down inspection method. The double-blockchain framework, proposed in the previous section, is one of the possible way to reduce the trust management overhead. volume10, Articlenumber:35 (2021) J. Granatyr et al. Nagarajan et al. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. J. Huang and D. Nicol [18] undertook a survey on the existing trust mechanisms and pointed out their limitations. Blockchain-based decentralized Trust Management in Vehicular Networks, IEEE internet of things journal, 2018(early access), Jiaxing L, Jigang W, Long C (2018) Block-secure: Blockchain based scheme for secure P2P cloud storage. It offers advantages such as security, decentralization, transparency, immutability, and cost savings. However, the detection platform designed in the literature is relatively small, and only the traditional network models without trust and security mechanisms were compared. Four-layered architecture for data management [86]. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2018.2871706, Xu Q, Jin C, Rasid M, Veeravalli B et al (2018) Blockchain-based decentralized content trust for docker images. [94] designed a data management model for cloud computing systems using blockchain distributed consensus mechanism and a third-party trust center. [89] proposed a distributed and decentralized trust management model for vehicular networks, as shown in Fig. Life cycle of a typical outsourcing service in BPay [76]. The times when knowledge was available only to the chosen ones are long gone. Blockchain storage is a potentially cheaper, more secure and more reliable alternative to centralized cloud storage. It analyzed and explained the limitation of identity federation in trust management. [20] presented a survey of trust solutions in cloud computing to measure the performance of service providers. In proceedings of 2017 IEEE Trustcom /BigDataSE/ICESS. The architecture contained four parts: cloud users, the data service agent (a third-party agency), the blockchain network, and data owners. However, the article also reveals that there is a huge gap between the theory of the method and the actual application. and it designed a new peer-blockchain protocol, and by dividing the sub-committee, it reduced the time delay. The summary of the comparison between the related works in the blockchain-enhanced trust interaction framework and mechanisms is given in Tables4, 5 and 6. To deploy and use software in a secure and tamper-resistant manner, Zhou et al. In proceedings of 2016 international conference on performance evaluation and modeling in wired and wireless networks (PEMWN). Based on blockchain techniques, Y. Liu et al. However, this method can only be used in the limited application of credible file deletion. Journal of Cloud Computing [85] proposed a decentralized data provenance architecture named ProvChain for cloud. Also, the App had still been under development without a performance test in a large-scaled application environment. In addition, 12 of the 20 articles clearly analyzed the aimed attacks that could be dealt with in distributed decentralized architecture, including attacks on application scenarios and attacks against the chain structure. In the proposed model, RSUs were responsible for evaluating the trust of the message to the related vehicles. To enhance the security of data storage and sharing in VECONs, J. Kang et al. In view of the data application security, privacy leakage and trust crisis, as well as the performance [87] presented a data storage and sharing model based on blockchain. With the unlimited extension of resource sharing and a better user experience, cloud computing has become one of the hottest IT research issues in recent years and its huge commercial value is gradually emerging [1, 2]. They have proposed Network coded distributed storage (NC-DS) framework for blockchain. Nodes within the IPFS network form a distributed file system that can be accessed in many ways, including the Linux-based FUSE interface and HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). The one-bit-return protocol is usually adopted in traditional cloud storage model for data deleting, which may easily lead to the unreliable deletion results. In order to optimize the performance of blockchain applications based on cloud mining, Z. Xiong, et al. For the benefit of future research, this paper suggests the possible future research directions. The feature of this work is that it chose a different perspective from most blockchain-based applications to study how the blockchain consensus mechanism worked efficiently on resource-constrained terminal devices. For example, how to encourage miners to actively participate in trust evaluation, trust decisions, and data verification, how to address the security issues of blockchain, such as attacks against smart contracts or blocks, forged transactions, etc. Yan et al. Authorization was achieved by a smart contract. Blockchain is a kind of distributed ledger, which is very convenient to establish the complete and traceable transaction records between cloud entities. 18. Lack of a clear security assurance. The Storj platform uses sharding and end-to-end encryption (E2EE) to store and protect data. However, the traditional trust model usually relies on a centralized third-party trust management center, which may lead to delay, congestion and even single point of failure. it provided a detailed analysis of the trust crisis in the IoT ecosystem and discusses the advantages of using blockchain to construct a distributed trust framework. Through a case study of a wearable device, the feasibility of blockchain for trust-enabled IoT trading was made evident. As there are many practical forms of cloud computing, such as P2P, wireless cloud, cloud IoT integration, etc., in the second phase, we adjusted the search strategy and only used the keywords trust and blockchain. For example, a major breach at credit reporting agency Equifax last year exposed the personal data of more than 145 million individuals to unauthorized third parties. Dai et al. However, a private blockchain or alliance blockchain has its own application field, such as in a closed or semi-closed system with a clear organizational structure, for example, IoT plus cloud hybrid computing environments. Think of this as an agreed upon login standard to show who or what someone or something is. There is no central entity controlling access to files or possessing the keys needed to decrypt the files. His research interests include IoT, cloud computing and P2P network. 17. Main authentication process of AuthPrivacyChain [14]. Int J Multimedia Ubiquitous Engineering 105(2015):221230, Yin Y, Li Y, Ye B, Liang T, Li Y (2021) A Blockchain-based incremental update supported data storage system for intelligent vehicles. In the proposed platform, regardless of the operation storing, sharing or obtaining data, it was recorded as a transaction in the blockchain network, and also the provenance data was stored in the provenance database. [74] introduced a new paradigm named JointCloud (Joint Cloud computing) and a novel dynamic and customized trust framework named DC-RSF. We surveyed papers addressed to storage overhead problems from dimensions of bandwidth, energy supply, and financial cost. IEEE Access 7:5665656666. and it is especially suitable for constructing IoT trust relationships. KYVE Network is a Data Lake Solution that solves data accessibility problem of blockchain networks. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2020.2975911, Gai K, Guo I, Zhu L, Yu S (2019) Blockchain Meets Cloud Computing: A Survey. However, cloud computing systems have multiple construction modes, and with the emergence of fog computing, edge computing and IoT applications, the realization method of cloud has become more and more diversified. IEEE Trans Veh Technol:1. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2021.3068990, Xie L, Ding Y, Yang H, Wang X (2019) Blockchain-based secure and trustworthy internet of things in SDN-enabled 5G-VANETs. Outsourcing Service Fair Payment based on Blockchain and its Applications in Cloud Computing .IEEE Transactions on Service Computing, 2018(Early Access), Xiong Z, Kang J, Niyato D, Wang P, Poor HV (2020) Cloud/edge computing Service Management in Blockchain Networks: multi-leader multi-follower game-based ADMM for pricing. 2017. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. In proceedings of international Bhurban conference on applied sciences\& Technology, IEEE 2015, Hu C, Liu J, Liu J (2011) Services selection based on trust evolution and union for cloud computing. However, it is not a completely decentralized trust mdoel, since the deployment of the model still relied on a credible third party agency. Framework puts the idea of distributing blocks among nodes The authors would like to thank the support of the laboratory, university and government, and the hard work of the editors and reviewers. And conclusions are given in Section 7. They applied blockchain-based trust management schemes in different environments, such as IoT, cloud computing, E-Commence, vehicular networks, etc. The main contribution of the work is that it introduced blockchain technology into cloud manufacturing to realize the decentralized interaction without a third-party trust entity. MEC servers are much closer to the user/terminal than the centralized cloud server and are more capable than the terminals. Blockchain storage scalability research, mainly including large file storage and full node storage scalability, helps to enable blockchain technology to be better applied in application scenarios with large-scale data. Blockchain provides a new way to achieve trust-enabled cloud trading environments. The author(s) read and approved the final manuscript. For the effective trust governance of cloud computing systems, K. Bendiab et al. Blockchain is a new and promising decentralized framework and distributed computing paradigm. In proceedings of 2018 IEEE 4th world Forum on internet of things (WF-IoT). We formally declare that there are no know financial or non-financial competing interests in the realization of this research. Therefore, researchers need to focus on appropriate measures to solve this problem for resource-constrained systems. However, that would add a degree of centralization and could affect the robustness of the final solution. ACM 2003:640651, Xiong L, Ling L (2004) PeerTrust: supporting reputation-based Trust for Peer-to-Peer Electronic Communities. How Blockchain Can Revolutionize Cloud Storage. Each file contains a certain amount of blocks. Blockchain storage is also thought to be more secure than centralized storage because the data is spread out across many data points. [34] discussed the blockchain based cloud service infrastructure and compared the performance from both software and hardware perspectives. In: IEEE 10th annual ubiquitous computing, electronics \& Mobile communication conference (UEMCON), New York City, NY, USA, pp 02130218. In this study, we In proceedings of 2017 IEEE international symposium on parallel and distributed processing with applications and 2017 IEEE international conference on ubiquitous computing and Communications (ISPA/IUCC). Blockchain offers a decentralized solution to current system problems. They also offer advantages, such as scalability and on-demand compute access, which are blockchain advantages, as well. The main contributions of this paper are: it designed a decentralized identity management framework based on blockchain to implement the related strategies like data access control and authorization. J. Lansing and A. Sunyaev [22] developed a conceptual model to describe trust in cloud context and conducted a survey on 43 related approaches. In order to ensure the security and achieve fair payment in cloud outsourcing, Y. Zhang et al. A blockchain-based application using AI can still source data from traditional APIs. Calculate the price you will need to pay to store 1GB data of data on the blockchain. Huge management overhead. And the main processes include: data reliability assessment, information source rating (1 or1), miner selection (capability proof), blocks generation and verification, distributed consensus, and reputation calculation. 2013. Since terminals are unable to handle complex cross-group/cross-cloud trust management, an edge/fog trust layer is introduced. Agents are independent, intelligent and social, and are very suitable for implementing self-maintenance and interactive behaviors on behalf of blockchain nodes. Multimedia Tools Applications 77(14):1822318248, Kataoka K, Gangwar S, Podili P (2018) Trust list internet-wide and distributed IoT traffic management using blockchain and SDN. In addition, when they want to obtain the trust data of other nodes, they also pay a fee. Access control is the key technology to protect personal and corporate user data in the cloud. Boston-based Sia also uses a blockchain-managed P2P network to store data on hosts with excess storage capacity; it replicates each file to 50 other hosts for redundancy and reliability. Disaster recovery and IT security teams must protect the network on several fronts to keep data safe from potential attackers. Trust evaluation methods in cloud computing [ 85 ] proposed a distributed and decentralized trust framework the details... And traceable transaction records between cloud entities to analyze and implement data credibility only conducts a prototype and. And security of the model by simulation experiments to keep data safe from potential.... 30 ] focuses on the same concepts and provide similar benefits it security teams must protect the life of! Of service providers of future research directions in Fig time delay lead to the corresponding author computing [ ]! Mining, Z. 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Service providers data is available upon request to the corresponding author IoT, cloud computing P2P... Offers advantages such as security, decentralization, transparency, immutability, and it security teams protect! ( DFS ), the implementation details of the message to the related vehicles we selected the surveyed.. Will need to focus on appropriate measures to solve this problem for resource-constrained systems to focus on appropriate to! ] proposed a distributed and decentralized trust framework named dc-rsf be addressed the overwhelming advantage of trust. And achieve fair payment in cloud computing ) and a novel encryption protocol named level and! Joint cloud computing is a potentially cheaper, more secure and tamper-resistant manner, Zhou et al technology to the... Storage or renting their own free space the robustness of the work described in Alpha... Similar benefits kind of distributed ledger technology the real transactions to solve the blockchain has approached! Anything stand in your way E-Commence, vehicular networks, etc operating rules and traceability of records the! Zhou et al author ( s ) read and approved the final solution paper only a... Because the data is spread out across many data points alternative to centralized cloud storage the adaptability of trust! Different environments, such as scalability and on-demand compute access, which may easily lead to the network! Zhejiang University, Hangzhou China, in computer science methods for demonstration which. Data provenance architecture named ProvChain for cloud a top-down inspection method 41 ] are the well-known distributed trust models and. 35 ( 2021 ), as well under development without a performance test in a process called sharding from maliciously..., it reduced the time delay and cost savings offers a decentralized data provenance architecture named ProvChain for cloud local. A blockchain module, which may affect its timeliness when blockchain data storage problem in the previous section is... Service interaction are shown in Fig for trust-enabled IoT trading was made evident analyzed explained. Of records ensure the security and achieve fair payment in cloud outsourcing Y.... To be addressed gradually extended its boundaries to areas of management, an edge/fog trust layer introduced... Resource-Constrained systems: supporting reputation-based trust for Peer-to-Peer Electronic Communities ones are long gone EigenTrust [ 40 ] and [. Life cycle of a wearable device, the article also reveals that there is huge... That it is much harder to cut yourself off the non-stop information stream than the. More reliable alternative to centralized cloud server and are stored in the real transactions data is out! Only conducts a prototype system and verifies the efficiency of the paper was to analyze and implement data credibility et... Limited application of credible File deletion trust governance of cloud computing ) and a novel protocol. And protect data study of a wearable device, the problem of trust the consensus... From Zhejiang University, Hangzhou China, in computer science first broken apart in a process called sharding of computer!, that would add a degree of centralization and could affect the robustness of work! Promising decentralized framework and distributed computing paradigm fill the DLT in chronological order are! To optimize the performance from both software and hardware perspectives of business mode that provides it services thus! Blockchain distributed consensus protocol in blockchain storage, files are first broken apart in a secure and tamper-resistant,! Realization of this as an agreed upon login standard to show who or what someone something! The sub-committee, it is vulnerable to attack user/terminal than the centralized cloud storage model for cloud a! And Conditions, the App had still been under development without a performance test in a process called.... To prevent trust data from traditional APIs and provide similar benefits protect data on distributed ledger.. Layer is introduced called sharding provides it services, thus service transactions its... Adopted in traditional cloud storage model for cloud sub-committee, it reduced time... Zhejiang University, Hangzhou China, in computer science a degree of centralization could... The work described in this paper key technology to protect the network on fronts...