The defense was organized on three lines with emplacements consisting of trenches, anti-tank ditches and pillboxes. The port complex contains an oil and gas transfer and storage facility, a cargo-handling area and a large passenger port. In addition to these universities, the city is home to the National University "Odesa Law Academy", the National Academy of Telecommunications, the Odesa State Environmental University and the Odesa National Maritime Academy. The port is able to handle up to 14 million tons of cargo and about 24 million tons of oil products annually, whilst its passenger terminals can cater for around 4 million passengers a year at full capacity. As one of the biggest on the Black Sea, Odesa's port is busy all year round. The municipal council is made up of 120 elected members,[93] who are each elected to represent a certain district of the city for a four-year term. Odesa has a hot-summer humid continental climate (Dfa, using the 0C [32F] isotherm), bordering a cold semi-arid (BSk) as well as a humid subtropical climate (Cfa). The third and last line of defense was organized inside the city itself. Experience moments of more at the soon to be launched Grand Hyatt Gurgaon - a dynamic lifestyle destination hotel in the heart of Gurgaon - the commercial hub of Delhi NCR. [76] Up until the early 1940s the city had a large Jewish population. [citation needed]. It was thus one of the few master planned cities in the Russian Empire. Many parts of Odesa were damaged during both its siege and recapture on 10 April 1944, when the city was finally liberated by the Red Army. In 1952 the station was rebuilt to the designs of A Chuprina. Agriculture is a relatively important sector in the territories surrounding the city. It has been operated by the Hamburg-based HHLA Group since 2001 and, in addition to containers, also handles bulk goods, general cargo and project cargo. Transit flights from the Americas, Africa, Asia, Europe and the Middle East to Odesa are offered by Ukraine International Airlines through their hub at Kyiv's Boryspil International Airport. The oblast's population (as at the start of 2021) was 2,368,107 people, nearly 43% of whom lived in the city of Odesa. The city fell to the Axis on 16 October 1941,[49] and it was henceforth subject to Romanian administration. [citation needed], In 1881, Odesa became the first city in Imperial Russia to have steam tramway lines, an innovation that came only one year after the establishment of horse tramway services in 1880 operated by the "Tramways d'Odessa", a Belgian owned company. Zhvanetsky's and Kartsev's success in the 1970s, along with Odesa's KVN team, contributed to Odesa's established status as "capital of Soviet humor", culminating in the annual Humoryna festival, carried out around the beginning of April. (2006), pp. A survey conducted in December 2014 by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology found that 2.3% of the oblast's population supported their region joining Russia, 91.5% did not support the idea, and the rest were undecided or did not respond. Domestic migration of the Odesan middle and upper classes to Moscow and Leningrad, cities that offered even greater opportunities for career advancement, also occurred on a large scale. The park covers an area of around 700 by 900 metres (2,300 by 3,000 feet) and is located near the centre of the city, on the side closest to the sea. In: Schiff & Hafen, 7/2018, p 9; "Hamburger Hafenkonzern investiert gro in Triest" In: Die Presse, 29 September 2020. One of the most famous Odesits is Sergei Utochkin who was a universal sportsman excelling in cycling, boxing, swimming and played football for the Odesa British Athletic Club. [6][7] After the Grand Duchy lost control, the port and its surroundings became part of the domain of the Ottoman Empire in 1529, under the name Hacibey, and remained in it until the Ottomans' defeat in the Russo-Turkish War (17871792). The second and main line of defense was situated 6 to 8 kilometres (3.7 to 5.0 miles) from the city and was about 30 kilometres (19 miles) long. This refers to the second ancient Odessos, founded between the end of the 5th and beginning of the 4th centuries BC (the first one, identified with modern Varna in Bulgaria, is the older of the two, founded c. 610 BC). The oblast was established on 27 February 1932 from five districts: Odesa Okruha, Pervomaisk Okruha, Kirovohrad Okruha, Mykolaiv Okruha, and Kherson Okruha. It is characterised by largely flat steppes part of the Black Sea Lowland divided by the estuary of the Dniester river, and bordered to the south by the Danube. Typically, for a total of 4 months from June to September the average sea temperature in the Gulf of Odesa and the city's bay area exceeds 20C (68F).[73]. [4], A number of other notable people were born in Odesa, including the poet Anna Akhmatova, former NASA scientist Nicholas E. Golovin who worked with the Apollo program, composer Tamara Maliukova Sidorenko, and the founder of jazz in the Soviet Union Leonid Utyosov.[4]. The Italian writer, Slavist and anti-fascist dissident Leone Ginzburg was born in Odesa into a Jewish family, and then went to Italy where he grew up and lived. The most popular sport in Odesa is football. [11] It has the highest proportion of Jews of any oblast in Ukraine (although smaller than the Autonomous City of Kyiv) and there is a small Greek community in the city of Odesa. The first line was 80 kilometres (50 miles) long and situated some 25 to 30 kilometres (16 to 19 miles) from the city. [38][clarification needed], By the Highest[clarification needed] rescript of 17 June 1792 addressed to General Kakhovsky it was ordered to establish the Dniester Border Line of fortresses. The harbour remains accessible all year round and serves as a vital import/export channel for the Ukrainian economy. Odesa is served by a number of railway stations and halts, the largest of which is Odesa Holovna (Main Station). The city suffered severe damage and sustained many casualties over the course of the war. Laid out in 1803 by Felix De Ribas (brother of the founder of Odesa, Jos de Ribas) on a plot of urban land he owned, the garden is located right in the heart of the city. The exact location of this ancient Odessos is unknown, but modern efforts have attempted to localize it 40km northeast of Odesa, near the village of Koshary[uk], Odesa Oblast.,[16] near the Tylihul Estuary.[17]. In the 3rd4th centuries A.D. a tribal alliance, represented by the items of Chernyakhov culture, developed. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. The first chronicle mention of the Slavic settlement-port of Kotsiubijiv, which was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, dates back to 1415, when a ship was sent from here to Constantinople by sea. These routes were both operated by the same Belgian company. City and administrative center of Odesa Oblast, Ukraine, Russian conquest of Sanjak of zi (Ochakiv Oblast), Renaming of the settlement and establishment of sea port, Historical ethnic and national composition, Nicknamed "Southern Capital" by an analogy with the nickname "Northern Capital" for, Papuci-Wadyka, Ewdoksia, et al. Odesa is a warm-water port. [40], In their settlement, also known as Novaya Slobodka, the Moldavians owned relatively small plots on which they built village-style houses and cultivated vineyards and gardens. [17]:5, The sleepy fishing village of Odesa had witnessed a sea-change in its fortunes when the wealthy magnate and future Voivode of Kiev (1791), Antoni Protazy Potocki, established trade routes through the port for the Polish Black Sea Trading Company and set up the infrastructure in the 1780s.[35]. Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate, Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate, "Zelensky fired Marchenko, Haidai and Hamalia from the positions of ODA leaders", "Republic of Moldavia an Intermezzo on the Signing and the Ratification of the European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages", " , ", Results of the 2001 All-Ukrainian population census for the Odesa Region, "Religious preferences of the population of Ukraine", " , 1 2015 - 2015 ", " . The first opera house was opened in 1810 and destroyed by fire in 1873. The Russian Empire took full control of Crimea, as well as land between the Southern Bug and the Dniester, including the Khadzhibey Estuary where the Turkish fortress of Khadjibey was located. By that time, the Soviet authorities had been able to evacuate 200,000 people as well as weaponry and industrial equipment. From the middle of the first millennium the formation of the Slavic people began. With regard to primary and secondary education, Odesa has many schools catering for all ages from kindergarten through to lyceum (final secondary school level) age. Ukrainian is gaining in popularity: in 2021, the share of residents speaking some Ukrainian at home has increased almost 5 times from 6% in 2015 to 29% in 2021.[83][82]. Odesa also has a cable car to Vidrada Beach,[126] and recreational ferry service. Set in Gurgaon, 6.2 miles from Kingdom of Dreams, Grand Hyatt Gurgaon offers accommodation with an outdoor swimming pool, free private parking, a garden and a shared lounge. The M14 is of particular importance to Odesa's maritime and shipbuilding industries as it links the city with Ukraine's other large deep water port Mariupol which is located in the south east of the country. The newly acquired Ochakov Oblast was promised to the Cossacks by the Russian government for resettlement. Trams were imported from Germany. Since the 1970s, the majority of the remaining Jewish population emigrated to Israel and other countries, shrinking the Jewish community. After Paul's assassination in 1801, the city resumed construction, and used a plan largely from de Voland's work. Sergei Eisenstein's famous motion picture The Battleship Potemkin commemorated the uprising and included a scene where hundreds of Odesan citizens were murdered on the great stone staircase (now popularly known as the "Potemkin Steps"), in one of the most famous scenes in motion picture history. [citation needed] Due to the effects of climate and weather on sedimentary rocks beneath the city, the result is instability under some buildings' foundations. In the 9th century the eastern Slavs united into a state with Kyiv as its centre. The city's location on the coast of the Black Sea has also helped to create a booming tourist industry in Odesa. [33] In the mid-18th century, the Ottomans rebuilt the fortress at Khadjibey (also known as Hocabey), which was named Yeni Dnya[33] (literally "New World"). As noted by the Christian Science Monitor, many in the English-language media outlets historically spelled the city "Odessa", even after changing the spelling of "Kiev" to "Kyiv", but most outlets, since the beginning of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, have been shifting away from Russian transliterations.[29][30]. Mechnykov' National University. The "Odesa Steps" continue to be a tourist attraction in Odesa. Through most of the 19th century and until the mid 20th century, the largest ethnic group in Odesa was Russians, with the second largest ethnic group being Jews.[84]. [14][15] (see map). Many of Odesa's buildings have, rather uniquely for a Ukrainian city, been influenced by the Mediterranean style of classical architecture. The total shoreline length of Odesa's seaport is around 7.23 kilometres (4.49mi). [91] Trukhanov was again reelected in the second round of the 2020 Mayoral election of Odesa when 54.28% of the voters voted for him.[1]. Her first two kills were effected near Belyayevka using a Mosin-Nagant bolt-action rifle with a P.E. [33] In 1801, in Odesa had opened the first commercial bank. Whilst Odesa is the administrative centre of Odesa Raion and Odesa Oblast, the city is also the main constituent of the Odesa Municipality. The city is also the administrative centre of the Odesa Raion and Odesa Oblast, as well as a multiethnic cultural centre. Many Odesan Jews fled abroad after 1882, particularly to the Ottoman region that became Palestine, and the city became an important base of support for Zionism. Odesa oblast is also home to a number of other nationalities and minority ethnic groups, including Albanians, Armenians, Azeris, Crimean Tatars, Bulgarians, Georgians, Greeks, Jews, Poles, Romanians, Turks, among others. 1992-2010. [8] Its historical architecture is more Mediterranean than Russian, having been heavily influenced by French and Italian styles. Some buildings are built in a mixture of different styles, including Art Nouveau, Renaissance and Classicist.[9]. The council has seventeen standing commissions[94] which play an important role in controlling the finances and trading practices of the city and its merchants. [48], The actual massacre took place in streets nearby, not on the steps themselves, but the film caused many to visit Odesa to see the site of the "slaughter". Pavlichenko's confirmed kills during World War II totaled 309 (including 36 enemy snipers). His contributions to the city are mentioned by Mark Twain in his travelogue Innocents Abroad: "I mention this statue and this stairway because they have their story. Odesa today. [46] It soon recovered and the growth in trade made Odesa Russia's largest grain-exporting port. . One of the most prominent pre-war Soviet writers, Valentin Kataev, was born here and began his writing career as early as high school (gymnasia). The Russians shot at the cemetery and the house in Odessa", "Sirens and Flaming Shots Life in Wartime Odesa", "Ukraine's Odesa designated Unesco World Heritage site", "Ukraine's Odesa, the 'pearl of the Black Sea', added to Unesco World Heritage list", "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 19812010", "All-Ukrainian Census of 2001 Official Site", " 2001| || | | ", Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, " ", " 2001| || | ", " "" " ? Practical joking is a central theme throughout, and Odesans dress in unique, colorful attire to express their spontaneous and comedic selves. Odesa is a popular tourist destination, with many therapeutic resorts in and around the city. [4] In Kyiv, Utochkin was demonstrating his piloting skills in front of some 50,000 people, among which was a future creator of helicopters Igor Sikorsky. [4] Eventually, he managed to assemble his own Farman-type airplane. one of the founding fathers of Odesa, together with another Frenchman, Count Andrault de Langeron, who succeeded him in office. Franz de Voland drew up a plan that would end up being the city's plan. During the 1991 referendum, 85.38% of votes in Odesa Oblast favored the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine. Odesa's many sandy beaches are considered to be quite unique in Ukraine,[citation needed] as the country's southern coast (particularly in the Crimea) tends to be a location in which the formation of stoney and pebble beaches has proliferated. The first city plan was designed by the engineer F. Devollan in the late 18th century. This university is the oldest in the city and was first founded by an edict of Tsar Alexander II of Russia in 1865 as the Imperial Novorossian University. "Greek settlement on the northern Black Sea coast: Polish-Ukrainian excavations in Koshary (Odessa province): third preliminary report: seasons 2000-2003." "Odessa", a transliteration of the name in Russian, is the traditional English spelling of the city's name still used in the Lexico and Britannica dictionaries (but no longer in Encyclopdia Britannica)[18][19] as the primary name,[20][21] but "Odesa", the spelling of the name in Ukrainian, increasingly appears in dictionaries as the spelling for the Ukrainian city. During World War II, the catacombs served as a hiding place for partisans and natural shelter for civilians, who were escaping airplane bombing. Being located in the south of Ukraine, the topography of the area surrounding the city is typically flat and there are no large mountains or hills for many kilometres around. This created a gigantic, complicated labyrinth of tunnels beneath Odesa, known as the Odesa catacombs. There are five deputy mayors, each of which is responsible for a certain particular part of the city's public policy. The site of present-day Odesa was then a fortress known as Khadjibey (named for Hac I Giray, and also spelled Kocibey in English, Hacbey or Hocabey in Turkish, and Hacbey in Crimean Tatar). When Felix decided that he was no longer able to provide enough money for the garden's upkeep, he decided to present it to the people of Odesa in 1806.[99]. Odesa's growth was interrupted by the Crimean War of 18531856, during which it was bombarded by British and Imperial French naval forces. [14] Odesa is located between the ancient Greek cities of Tyras and Olbia[15] and it was named as a feminine form for the ancient Greek city of Odessos (Ancient Greek: ; in Roman times, Odessus). The original 200 steps (now reduced to 192) were designed by Italian architect Francesco Boffo and built between 1837 and 1841. The cyclist and aviator Sergei Utochkin was one of the most famous natives of Odesa in the years before the Russian Revolution. Terminalbetreiber in Estland gekauft. [4] The region has eight seaports and five of the biggest lakes, including Yalpuh Lake, in Ukraine. Other than the National University, the city is also home to the 1921-inaugurated Odesa National Economic University, the Odesa National Medical University (founded 1900), the 1918-founded Odesa National Polytechnic University. As a result, despite the events of 1941, the survival of the Jewish population in this area was higher than in other areas of occupied eastern Europe.[52]. The peculiarity of the ethnic composition of the population of Odesa region is its multinationality. The airport is also often used by citizens of neighbouring countries for whom Odesa is the nearest large city and who can travel visa-free to Ukraine. The city's unique identity has been formed largely thanks to its varied demography; all the city's communities have influenced aspects of Odesan life in some way or form. The city's Preobrazhensky Park surrounds its cathedral, The Londonskaya Hotel, on Odesa's magnificent Prymorsky Bulvar, is one of the city's landmark buildings, The main building of the Odesa National Medical University. Sidney Reilly (ca.18731925), who was employed by William Melville (18501918) as one of the first spies of the British Secret Service Bureau, was a native Odesan. 133 reviews. [57], The city saw violence in the 2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine during the 2014 Odesa clashes. In 1887 one of the city's most well known architectural monuments was completed the theatre, which still hosts a range of performances to this day; it is widely regarded as one of the world's finest opera houses. (Note: Richter studied in Odesa but was not born there.). Derybasivska Street, an attractive pedestrian avenue named after Jos de Ribas, the Spanish-born founder of Odesa and decorated Russian Navy Admiral from the Russo-Turkish War, is famous by its unique character and architecture. The garden is home to a bandstand and is the traditional location for outdoor theater in the summertime. Since then the university has developed to become one of modern Ukraine's leading research and teaching universities, with staff of around 1,800 and total of thirteen academic faculties. During the Soviet period (until 1991) the city functioned as the USSR's largest trading port; it continues in a similar role as independent Ukraine's busiest international port. The city typically experiences dry, cold winters, which are relatively mild when compared to most of Ukraine, as they're marked by temperatures which rarely fall below 10C (14F). In antiquity, various Greek colonies had taken this role, followed by the Varangians who established Kievan Rus' in the 9th century, as well as various Italian colonies after the Mongol invasion of Europe. Russia formally gained possession of the Sanjak of zi (Ochakiv Oblast)[36] as a result of the Treaty of Jassy (Iai)[33] in 1792 and it became a part of Yekaterinoslav Viceroyalty. : , . In 1819, Odesa became a free port, a status it retained until 1859. Odesa is a major maritime-transport hub that includes several ports including Port of Odesa, Port of Chornomorsk (ferry, freight), Yuzhne (freight only). The city of Odesa hosts both the Port of Odesa and Port Pivdennyi, a significant oil terminal situated in the city's suburbs. One additional mode of transport in Odesa is the Potemkin Stairs funicular railway, which runs between the city's Primorsky Bulvar and the sea terminal, has been in service since 1902. Mikhail Zhvanetsky (19342020), writer, satirist and performer best known for his shows targeting different aspects of the Soviet and post-Soviet everyday life, was born in Odesa. State Statistics Committee of Ukraine (web). Another intelligence agent from Odesa was Genrikh Lyushkov (19001945), who joined the Odesa Cheka in 1920 and reached two-star rank in the NKVD before fleeing to Japanese-occupied Manchuria in 1938 to avoid being murdered. [60], Odesa was struck by three bomb blasts in December 2014, one of which killed one person (the injuries sustained by the victim indicated that he had dealt with explosives). [citation needed], The city's public transit system is currently made up of trams,[125] trolleybuses, buses and fixed-route taxis (marshrutkas). This is particularly noticeable in buildings built by architects such as the Italian Francesco Boffo, who in the early 19th-century built a palace and colonnade for the Governor of Odesa, Prince Mikhail Vorontsov, the Potocki Palace and many other public buildings. ? [33] In 1803, the city accounted for 9,000 people. Richelieu is commemorated by a bronze statue, unveiled in 1828 to a design by Ivan Martos. In 1593 the Ottoman Empire set up in the area what became known as its Dnieper Province (z Eyalet), unofficially known as the Khanate of Ukraine. The culture of Scythian tribes inhabiting the Black Sea littoral steppes in the first millennium B.C. This project was delayed on multiple occasions but was finally completed eight years later in 2005. [7] [68], On January 25, 2023, Unesco announced that the historical city center of Odesa was added to UNESCO's World Heritage List. The new city quickly became a major success although initially, it received little state funding and privileges. It is said that thanks to its unique acoustics, even a whisper from the stage can be heard in any part of the hall. [51] Partisan fighting continued, however, in the city's catacombs. The Khazars, Polovtsy and Pechenegs were the Slavs' neighbours during different times. Population: 2,351,382 (2022 est.).[3]. Foreign business ventures have thrived in the area, as since 1 January 2000, much of the city and its surrounding area has been declared[by whom?] One section of the troops came under command of a Spaniard in Russian service, Irishman Major General Jos de Ribas (known in Russia as Osip Mikhailovich Deribas); today, the main street in Odesa, Deribasivska Street, is named after him. Both were born and raised in the city, though they skated at first for the Soviet Union, in the Unified Team, the Commonwealth of Independent States, and then Russia. Kataev became a benefactor for these young authors, who would become some of the most talented and popular Russian writers of this period. To date a number of Japanese and Chinese companies, as well as a host of European enterprises, have invested in the development of the free economic zone, to this end private investors in the city have invested a great deal of money into the provision of quality office real estate and modern manufacturing facilities such as warehouses and plant complexes. During the Soviet period, it was an important trading port and a naval base. In classical antiquity a large Greek settlement existed at its location. This page was last edited on 17 March 2023, at 19:43. [33] During the reign of Khan Hac I Giray of Crimea (14411466), the Khanate was endangered by the Golden Horde and the Ottoman Turks and, in search of allies, the khan agreed to cede the area to Lithuania. Milesian Greeks founded colonies along the northern coast of the Black Sea, including the towns of Olbia, Tyras, Niconium, Panticapaeum, and Chersonesus. Yuri Siritsov, bass player of the Israeli Metal band PallaneX is originally from Odesa. [47] Pogroms were carried out in 1821, 1859, 1871, 1881 and 1905. [citation needed] Many ended up in the Brooklyn neighborhood of Brighton Beach, sometimes known as "Little Odesa". [111], Janka Bryl (1917 2006), Belarusian writer, was born in Odesa.[112]. The current station, which is characterised by its many socialist-realist architectural details and grand scale, was renovated by the state railway operator Ukrainian Railways in 2006. Since the middle of the 13th century the city's territory belonged to the Golden Horde domain. These cavities can cause buildings to collapse, resulting in a loss of money and business. Summers see an increased level of precipitation, and the city often experiences warm weather with temperatures often reaching into the high 20s and low 30s C. Snow cover is often light or moderate, due to its location on the northern coast of the Black Sea, and municipal services rarely experience the problems that can often be found in other, more northern, Ukrainian cities. Gymnast Tatiana Gutsu (known as "The Painted Bird of Odesa") brought home Ukraine's first Olympic gold medal as an independent nation when she outscored the USA's Shannon Miller in the women's all-around event at 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. The last of these institutions is a highly specialised and prestigious establishment for the preparation and training of merchant mariners which sees around 1,000 newly qualified officer cadets graduate each year and take up employment in the merchant marines of numerous countries around the world. It is owned by local land and agriculture tycoon Viktor A. Dobrianskyi and three partners of his. Yaakov Dori (18991973), the first Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces, and President of the Technion Israel Institute of Technology, was born in Odesa, as was Israel Dostrovsky (19182010), Israeli physical chemist who was the fifth president of the Weizmann Institute of Science. 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